Sapphire

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Material:stainless cover ,aluminium body Finished:polish Voltage/V:110-240V LED Number:12pcs..And you can see more from garden halogen lamp wall art lamp led tree light led curing light ultra halogen bulbs led window light naural salt lamp Fluorescent Industrial Light vintage street light For other uses, see Sapphire (disambiguation).SapphireGeneralCategoryMineral VarietyChemical formulaaluminium oxide, Al2O3IdentificationColorEvery color except red (which is ruby) or pinkish-orange (padparadscha)Crystal habitmassive and granularCrystal systemHexagonalCleavageNoneFractureConchoidal, splinteryMohs Scale hardness9.0LusterVitreousRefractive index1.7621.778Optical PropertiesAbbe number 72.2Birefringence0.008PleochroismStrongStreakWhiteSpecific gravity3.954.03Melting point20302050 FusibilityinfusibleSolubilityInsoluableOther CharacteristicsCoefficient of thermal expansion 5e?66.6e?6/KSapphire (Greek: sappheiros) refers to gem varieties of the mineral corundum, an aluminium oxide (Al2O3), when it is a color other than red, in which case the gem would instead be a ruby. Trace amounts of other elements such as iron, titanium, or chromium can give corundum blue, yellow, pink, purple, orange, or greenish color. Pink-orange corundum are also sapphires, but are instead called padparadscha.Because it is a gemstone, sapphire is commonly worn as jewelry. Sapphire can be found naturally, or manufactured in large crystal boules. Because of its remarkable hardness, sapphire is used in many applications, including infrared optical components, watch crystals, high-durability windows, and wafers for the deposition of semiconductors, such as GaN nanorods and blue LEDs.Contents1 Natural sapphires 1.1 Blue sapphire 1.2 Fancy color sapphire 1.3 Padparadscha 1.4 Color change sapphire 1.5 Star sapphire 1.6 Treatments 1.7 Mining 2 Synthetic sapphire 3 Historical and cultural references 4 See also 5 References 6 General Resources // Natural sapphiresSapphire is one of the two gem varieties of corundum, the other being the red ruby. Although blue is the most well known hue, sapphire is any color of corundum except red; red corundum is known as ruby. Sapphire may also be colorless, and it also occurs in the non-spectral shades gray and black. Pinkish-orange sapphire is known as padparadscha.The cost of natural sapphire varies depending on their color, clarity, size, cut, and overall quality as well as geographic origin. Significant sapphire deposits are found in Eastern Australia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, East Africa and in the United States at various locations (Gem Mountain) and in the Missouri River near Helena, Montana. [1] Sapphire and rubies are often found together in the same area, but one gem is usually more abundant.[2]Blue sapphireThe 422.99carats (84.60g) blue Logan sapphireColor in gemstones breaks down into three components: hue, saturation, and tone. Hue is most commonly understood as the "color" of the gemstone. Saturation refers to the vividness or brightness or "colorfulness" of the hue, and tone is the lightness to darkness of the hue. [3] Blue sapphire exists in various mixtures of its primary and secondary hues, various tonal levels (shades) and at various levels of saturation (brightness): the primary hue must, of course, be blue.Blue sapphires are evaluated based upon the purity of their primary hue. Purple, violet and green are the normal secondary hues found in blue sapphires. [4] Violet and purple can contribute to the overall beauty of the color, while green is considered a distinct negative. [4] Blue sapphires with no more than 15% violet or purple are generally said to be of fine quality. [4] Blue sapphires with any amount of green as a secondary hue are not considered to be fine quality.[4] Gray is the normal saturation modifier or mask found in blue sapphires.[4] Gray reduces the saturation or brightness of the hue and therefore has a distinctly negative effect.The color of fine blue sapphires can be described as a vivid medium dark violet to purplish blue where the primary blue hue is at least 85% and the secondary hue no more than 15% without the least a mixture of a green secondary hue or a gray mask. [3]The 422.99carats (84.60g) Logan sapphire in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C. is one of the largest faceted gem-quality blue sapphires in the world.Fancy color sapphirePink sapphirePurple sapphires are lower in price than blue ones. These stones contain the trace element vanadium and come in a variety of shades. Yellow and green sapphires have traces of iron that gives them their color. Pink sapphires have a trace of the element chromium and the deeper the color pink the higher their monetary value as long as the color is going toward the red of...(and so on)


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